Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine

Dental stem cells / parent dental cells (collectively referred to as dental cells [DSCs]) are classified and comprised of dental pulp stem cells, Dental stem cells are a type of mesenchymal stem cell found in the dental tissues, including the dental pulp, periodontal ligament, and exfoliated deciduous teeth. These stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, such as odontoblasts (which form dentin), osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and even neural cells. Due to their regenerative properties, dental stem cells hold great potential for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They are being explored for applications in repairing damaged teeth, treating periodontal diseases, and even in broader medical fields like bone regeneration and nerve repair. Their ease of collection and ability to proliferate make them a promising resource for future therapeutic applications. stem cells from clear teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, periodontal ligament stem cell, and the ancestor of the dental follicle. cells. Common features of these cell numbers are the ability to regenerate themselves and the ability to divide multiple lines (multipotency). In vitro and animal studies have shown that DSCs can divide into osseous, odontogenic, adipose, endothelial, and neural-like tissues. In a recent study, three molar dental pulp somatic cells were rearranged to become pluripotent stem cells, and dental pulp pluripotent like stem cells were separated from third dental pulp.

The collection and storage of human tissue samples has been available for centuries in medicine, Biobanking of stem cells involves the collection, processing, and long-term storage of stem cells in cryogenic conditions for future medical use. Stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, are invaluable in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and personalized therapies. Biobanks preserve stem cells derived from sources like bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), ensuring their viability for future clinical applications or research. This resource can potentially provide treatments for various conditions, including blood disorders, degenerative diseases, and cancer, as well as enable advancements in gene therapy and tissue engineering. however, , biobanking has recently become a dedicated profession. Advances in technology that have allowed the fragmentation storage, and long-term functioning of ex vivo human cells, as well as the acquisition of relevant scientific knowledge, including genetic information, have opened up considerable opportunities to improve biomedical research. At the same time, these potential issues raise complex ethical issues regarding tissue donors, researchers using samples and public awareness of biobanking as a whole. This article aims to review the performance of stem cell biobanks, related ethical issues and the legal framework in Spain.Special consideration will be given to the new but flexible appearance of pluripotent stem cells. Many of the topics discussed here will be in the framework of stem cells acquired by adult bankers, which do not include in themselves any significant behavioral problem.

Stem cells are a number of undifferentiated cells that are characterized by the ability to multiply (regenerate), usually from a single cell (clonal), and divide into different types of cells and tissues (powerful). There are several sources of stem cells with different strengths. Pluripotent cells are embryonic stem cells found in the weight of the inner cell of the embryo and pluripotent cells are formed according to the reorganization of somatic cells. Pluripotent cells can divide into tissue in all 3 viral layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). The strongest stem cells can be divided into tissues found in the same Pluripotent cells are embryonic stem cells that form adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage. Stem-dwelling stem cells are oligopotent as they can form different death cells in a particular tissue. Stem cells can be used in cell therapy to replace damaged cells or to regenerate organs. In addition, Stem-dwelling stem cells are oligopotent Disease-specific cell lines can also be distributed and used in drug development. Despite major advances in stem cell biology, issues such as behavioral conflicts with embryonic stem cells, tumor formation, and rejection limit their use. However, many of these limitations are being exceeded and this can lead to significant improvements in disease control. This is reviewed by the introduction of the stem cell world and discusses its meaning, origin, classification, and use of these cells in regenerative medicine.

Cell therapy is aimed at treating diseases by restoring or modifying certain sets of cells or by using cells to carry physical therapy. Cell and genetic therapy are innovative medical approaches that aim to treat or cure diseases by targeting the cellular and genetic levels. In cell therapy, living cells, often derived from the patient or a donor, are introduced into the body to repair or replace damaged tissues, regenerate healthy cells, or boost the immune system's ability to fight disease, as seen in CAR-T cell therapies for cancer. Genetic therapy, on the other hand, involves altering the genetic material within a person's cells to correct defective genes, deactivate harmful ones, or introduce new genes for therapeutic benefits. This can be achieved through techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 or viral vectors. These therapies hold significant promise for treating a wide range of conditions, including genetic disorders, cancers, and degenerative diseases, offering more targeted and potentially curative options. With cell therapy, cells are implanted or transplanted outside the body before being injected into a patient. Cells may originate from the patient (independent cells) or donor (allogeneic cells).Genetic therapy aims to treat diseases by replacing, , shutting down or introducing genes to cells— either internally (in vivo) or externally (ex vivo). Other therapies are considered to be genetic and genetic therapies. These therapies work by changing the the genes in certain cell types and inserting them into the body.

The stem cell field in veterinary medicine continues to emerge rapidly both experimentally and clinically. Stem cell applications in animals have garnered significant attention in veterinary medicine and research due to their potential to repair damaged tissues, enhance healing, and treat a range of diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), derived from sources like bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood, are commonly used in regenerative therapies for animals. These cells can differentiate into various tissue types such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, making them ideal for treating conditions like osteoarthritis, tendon injuries, and even heart diseases in animals. Moreover, stem cell therapy is being explored to improve wound healing and immune modulation, with promising results in companion animals like horses, dogs, and cats. Additionally, stem cell research in animals provides valuable insights that may translate to human medicine, furthering our understanding of stem cell biology and its therapeutic potential. Stem cells are widely used in veterinary medicine in medical applications to treat muscle and bone injuries in horses and dogs. New assisted reproductive technologies are being developed to use spermatogonial stem cell structures to maintain endangered species.  Similar methods can be used to produce mutant animals to produce drugs or to be used as biomedical models. Species of small and large animals serve as important models for pre-screening of stem cell applications in humans and animal patients in areas such as spinal cord injury and myocardial infarction. However, these requests were not made in the clinical treatment of animal patients.

Bone marrow transplantation is a treatment that replaces your bone marrow with healthy cells. Converting cells may look in your body or donor.Bone marrow transplantation is also called a stem cell transplant or, more specifically, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Transplants can be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, as well as other diseases of the blood and immune system.Stem cells are specialized cells that can make copies of themselves and convert them into the many types of cells your body needs. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure used to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, and severe aplastic anemia, where the bone marrow is no longer able to produce healthy blood cells. There are two main types of BMT: autologous, where the patient's own stem cells are used, and allogeneic, where stem cells come from a compatible donor. The procedure can help restore normal blood cell production and improve the patient's immune function. BMT carries risks, including graft-versus-host disease (in allogeneic transplants), infections, and organ complications, but it can be life-saving for patients with otherwise incurable conditions. There are several types of stem cells and they are create in different portions of the body at different times.cancer treatment can harm your hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells go into blood cells.The bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue that contains cells in the hematopoietic stem. It is found between many bones. . Hematopoietic stem cells are also found in blood  that travels throughout your body.When hematopoietic stem cells are damaged, they may not be red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are very important and each one has a different function: Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body.. They also take carbon dioxide into your lungs for excretion. White blood cells stand part of your resistant system. They fight germs, which are germs and germs that can make you sick.Platelets form clots that stop bleeding.Bone marrow / stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in which healthy stem cells are transferred to your bone marrow or blood.

Stem cell biology has been the availability of drugs. Stem cells play a crucial role in drug discovery, offering a powerful tool for developing and testing new therapies. Because they have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, stem cells allow researchers to create disease models that closely mimic human conditions. This is especially useful for screening drugs, as these models can predict the efficacy and toxicity of compounds more accurately than traditional methods. Moreover, patient-specific stem cells enable personalized medicine by tailoring treatments to an individual's unique genetic makeup. Stem cell-based drug discovery also accelerates the identification of therapeutic targets and reduces the need for animal testing, making the process more efficient and ethically sound. Stem cells are increasingly being used in new and innovative ways to improve the drug discovery process, biotech implementation and large pharmaceutical companies.In this list we will look at how stem cells are used in the drug discovery process - from diagnostics, diagnostic identification, to integrated testing, and toxicity testing. We will also discuss stem cell technologies and how these shape the pharmaceutical industry.

Stem cell aging theory states that the aging process is the result of the inability of different types of stem cells to continue to replenish living organisms with different active cells capable of maintaining the original function of that tissue (or organ). ). Injury and genetic defects remain a problem for systems regardless of age. Theories of aging in stem biology focus on understanding how the decline in stem cell function contributes to the aging process. One major theory is the Stem Cell Exhaustion Theory, which suggests that as we age, our stem cells gradually lose their ability to regenerate tissues and repair damage due to accumulated stress, DNA damage, and epigenetic changes. This decline in regenerative capacity leads to tissue degeneration and age-related diseases. Another important theory is the Senescence Theory, where stem cells enter a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, known as senescence, due to telomere shortening or exposure to oxidative stress. These senescent cells accumulate over time, releasing inflammatory factors that contribute to tissue aging and dysfunction. Together, these theories highlight how the deterioration of stem cell populations and their niche environments play a key role in the biological mechanisms of aging. creates a better and more efficient way to exchange young people as opposed to older ones. In other words, aging is not a matter of increasing damage, but of failure to recover due to a decrease in the number of stem cells. Stem cells shrink in number and often lose the ability to divide into generations or lymphoid lines and myeloid lines. .Maintaining a flexible balance of stem cell pools requires a number of conditions. Balancing growth and peace as well as homing (See niche) and regeneration of hematopoietic stem cells are popular aspects of stem cell pool care while isolation, integration and sensitivity are risk factors. These harmful effects will eventually lead to apoptosis.

Regeneration and proliferation of stem cells are controlled in part, by the induction of apoptosis. The number of stem cells is therefore a balance between those lost in differentiation / apoptosis and those gained by proliferation. Stem cell apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a critical process for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing uncontrolled cell growth. Apoptosis in stem cells is regulated by various intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways that respond to environmental stressors, DNA damage, or developmental cues. Key signaling molecules like caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and death receptors mediate the apoptotic cascade, ensuring controlled elimination of damaged or unneeded cells. Signal transmission for apoptosis involves pathways such as the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, which responds to internal stress, and the extrinsic (death receptor) pathway, triggered by external signals like ligands binding to receptors on the cell surface. Proper regulation of apoptosis in stem cells is crucial to prevent diseases such as cancer or degenerative disorders, as dysregulation can lead to either excessive cell death or survival of damaged, potentially malignant cells. the release of stem cell factor prevents apoptosis following spinal cord injury, possibly in an effort to promote tissue repair.  Dysregulation of apoptosis in stem cells  is believed to be associated with cancer pathologies, where apoptotic resistance causes uncontrolled growth .Controlling apoptosis is also important in stem cell transplant studies, where prevention may increase the survival of grafted cells during further treatment. Binding the full potential to treat stem cells will require a full specification of signal transduction cascades for proliferation, isolation, and apoptosis.

Neurodegenerative disease  is caused by a continuous loss of structure or function of neurons, a process known as neurodegeneration.Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, and prion disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primarily affect neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to gradual loss of cognitive and motor functions. The causes are often linked to genetic mutations, protein misfolding, oxidative stress, or environmental factors. Currently, these diseases are incurable, and treatment options focus on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Research continues to explore potential therapies, including gene editing, stem cells, and neuroprotective drugs.Because there is no known way to reverse the ongoing neurological decline, these diseases are considered incurable; however studies have shown that two major factors contribute to the formation of neurodegeneration by oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical studies have revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies (such as proteinopathy) and cell death caused by death.

Cord blood stem cells are a valuable resource that has been saving lives for over three decades. Since 1988, there have been over one million stem cell treatments worldwide 6 and navel blood cells are not the cure for more than 80 diseases.Stem cells are also considered to be the cornerstone of a new scientific community known as the regenerative tree. Clinical methods refer to the systematic approaches and techniques used by healthcare professionals to assess, diagnose, and treat patients. These methods encompass a range of practices, including history-taking, physical examinations, diagnostic tests, and the application of evidence-based treatments. Clinicians often utilize a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessments to gather comprehensive information about a patient's health status, which guides clinical decision-making. The effectiveness of clinical methods relies on the practitioner's skill, experience, and the integration of the latest research findings into patient care. By employing these methods, healthcare providers aim to improve patient outcomes, enhance the quality of care, and ensure safe and effective treatment plans tailored to individual needs. Today there are hundreds of clinical trials investigating the use of stem cells to treat common and common life-threatening conditions such as heart disease, Alzheimer’s and diabetes. During the life of your child, his blood may be used to repair spinal cord injuriesa, to print a kidney, or to develop a new heart.

Translational medicine, also known as translational medical science, preclinical research, evidence-based research, or illness-targeted research, is a field of study aimed at improving human health and longevity by assessing the relevance of fresh biological discoveries to human disease. Clinical observations and questions are incorporated into scientific hypotheses in the laboratory and translational medicine aims to coordinate the use of new knowledge in clinical practise. Translational research in stem cell assessments bridges the gap between laboratory discoveries and clinical applications, focusing on the potential of stem cells to revolutionize regenerative medicine. This research involves the rigorous evaluation of stem cell properties, including their differentiation capabilities, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles, in both preclinical and clinical settings. By translating findings from basic stem cell biology into practical treatments, researchers aim to address various diseases and conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and injuries. The integration of advanced technologies, such as gene editing and tissue engineering, further enhances the precision and effectiveness of stem cell therapies, ultimately paving the way for personalized medicine and improved patient outcomes. Thus, it is a bidirectional concept that includes so-called bench-to-bedside factors, which aim to improve the efficiency with which new therapeutic strategies developed through basic research are tested clinically, as well as bedside-to-bench factors, which provide feedback on how new treatments are being used and how they can be improved. The characterisation of disease processes and the creation of innovative hypotheses are made easier with translational medicine.

In tissue engineering applications or even in 3D  cells, the biological expression that interacts between cells and scaffolding is governed by material and scaffold features. In order to achieve cell adhesion, proliferation, and utilization, scaffolding materials must have requirements such as internal biocompatibility compatibility and appropriate chemistry to attract cell recognition to cells. The materials used, the scaffold machine structures and degradation kinetics must be aligned with a specific tissue engineering program to ensure the functionality of the required equipment and to achieve the level of new tissue formation. In scaffolds, the distribution of pores, surface exposure, and porosity play a major role,  its quantity and distribution affect the penetration and rate of cell penetration into the scaffold volume, the formation of a matrix outside the cell that is produced, and tissue engineering applications, final operation of the recovery process. Depending on the manufacturing process, scaffolds with different properties can be obtained, through the distribution of random or prepared pores. In recent years, computerized computer-assisted prototyping techniques have been developed in the design of scaffolds with ordered geometry. This chapter reviews the basic polymeric materials used for scaffolding and scaffolding processes with examples of selected structures and applications.

EmbrEmbryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a developing embryo. Translational research in stem cell assessments bridges the gap between basic scientific discoveries and clinical applications, focusing on harnessing the potential of stem cells for therapeutic purposes. This interdisciplinary approach involves evaluating the biological properties, differentiation capabilities, and safety of stem cells in laboratory settings before advancing to clinical trials. By integrating insights from molecular biology, genomics, and regenerative medicine, translational research aims to optimize stem cell therapies for various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and injuries. Ultimately, the goal is to translate promising research findings into effective treatments that can improve patient outcomes, while also addressing the ethical and regulatory challenges associated with stem cell use. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage, which comprises of 50–150 cells, 4–5 days after fertilisation. The blastocyst is destroyed when the embryoblast, or inner cell mass (ICM), is isolated, presenting ethical questions regarding whether embryos in the pre-implantation stage have the same moral issues as embryos  in the post-implantation stage.

Cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach for treating neurological disorders, offering the potential to repair damaged tissues, restore lost function, and improve quality of life for patients. These therapies involve the transplantation or manipulation of cells to replace or support damaged neurons or neural tissue. Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons and glial cells. These cells can be used to replace damaged or lost cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Neural stem cells (NSCs) are a type of stem cell found in the CNS that can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Transplantation of NSCs has shown promise in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in various tissues, including bone marrow and umbilical cord tissue. MSCs have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, making them a potential treatment for neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy represents a revolutionary advancement in cancer treatment, particularly for hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cell therapy involves engineering a patient’s T cells to express a receptor that specifically targets cancer cells, enhancing the body's ability to combat the disease. Numerous clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in other types of cancers, including solid tumors. Trials are also exploring combinations of CAR-T therapy with other treatments, such as checkpoint inhibitors, to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity are significant adverse effects associated with CAR-T cell therapy. Managing these toxicities is critical for patient safety. Some patients relapse after CAR-T cell therapy, highlighting the need for improved strategies to prevent and address relapse. Expanding CAR-T cell therapy to treat solid tumors is a major focus of current research. This involves overcoming the tumor microenvironment's immunosuppressive barriers and improving CAR-T cell trafficking to solid tumors.

Cellular reprogramming and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent significant breakthroughs in regenerative medicine, offering potential applications in disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell-based therapies. This field holds promise for treating a wide range of conditions by reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state, enabling them to differentiate into various cell types. Cellular reprogramming involves converting differentiated somatic cells into a pluripotent state, allowing them to give rise to any cell type in the body. This process fundamentally changes the identity of the cell, enabling new therapeutic applications. iPSCs are generated by introducing specific transcription factors into somatic cells, effectively reprogramming them to a pluripotent state. These factors, known as Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc), were first identified by Shinya Yamanaka in 2006. iPSCs can differentiate into specific cell types, such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, offering potential for cell replacement therapies in conditions like Parkinson's disease, heart disease, and liver failure.