18^th Global Summit on Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine November 09-10, 2022 Rome, Italy

A cell having ability to develop into specialized cell types in body which replace the damaged or lost cells or tissues. Generally, natural stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells and the type of stem cells are reprogrammed in the laboratory are Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell. Basing on the efficiency or potency stem cells are classified into Totipotent, Multipotent, Pluripotent, Oligopotent, Unipotent. Stem cell therapy or regenerative medicine is the treatment method which develops methods to regrow repair or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs or tissues.

The procedure in which the cells are grown in an artificial environment separate from the body is called tissue engineering. It is an improvisation of growing cells than methods of 2D cell culture. The cells growing in 3D artificial environment are more relevant and effective than the cells growing in the 2D surface. The basic method of the 3D cell culture leads to the use of scaffolds which are the engineered materials which leads to cellular interaction in new tissues to be functional

Gene therapy is a way to treat the genetic disorders. The variation in gene therapy is focused on somatic gene therapy and germ line gene therapy relating with viral and non-viral vectors. T-cells are the type of lymphocyte cells which are developed in the laboratory to attack the cancer cells. T-cell therapy is nothing but an immune therapy to treat certain kinds of cancer. The nano therapy is a new trend in the field of medicine which uses nanoparticles to delivery drugs to the targeted body part.

Ageing is the complex process of deterioration of body functions through involvement of body cells and organs. Basically the ageing theory can be divided into two types – hematopoietic stem cell ageing and hair follicle stem cell ageing. Besides these two theories, the other theories of ageing are evolutionary theory, cellular theory, system theory and molecular theory. With ageing the bone marrow cellularity decreases.

The study of heritable phenotypic change which does not involve any change or alteration in DNA sequencing is known as Epigenetics.  These changes make modification in certain gene activities like histone modification, adding a methyl group to a part of a DNA molecule. The DNA alterations are not termed as genetic, rather they are called epigenetic.

Apoptosis is the cell death which leads to a programming sequence of the elimination of old, unnecessary, unhealthy cells. This process is also known as cell suicide. When a cell commits suicide then the caspases become active. The signal transduction is a process in which the signals are transferred in an organism across the cells. In this process the proteins are termed as the receptors. The protein receptor gets signal through a primary messenger and then, undergoes conformational changes which changes its shape and interacts with molecules surrounding it.

The technology which makes specific changes in the DNA of a cell. Genome editing depends on the double strand DNA break which has two major pathway mechanisms – non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous directed repair (HDR).  The genome editing technology heads with the processes like CRISPR, TALEN, ZNF and MAGE

Tissue remodeling is a technique of tissue engineering which involves restoration or reprogramming of tissues. It results in the maintenance and growth of the tissues. The cells which undergo pathological processes in observing the diseases of humans or animals is termed as organ models. Tissue engineering makes the improved format of modeling the phenotypes and screening the therapeutic solutions to the particular disease.

Clinical tissue analysis correlates with histopathology which involves the examination of tissues in order to manifest the diseases. The method requires the hematoxylin and eosin (H and E stain) to identify tissues. Tissue analysis includes the method called Automated Tissue Image Analysis which is a computer controlled method in clinical or medical science, pharmaceuticals, etc.

The material or device or equipment required for treatment or for diagnosis is termed as a biomaterial. The biomaterials have broad application in the clinical or medical science. Hence, to study on biomaterials it is termed as biomaterial science and biomaterial engineering which is profoundly related with biomedical as well as research sector. The application of principles of biology and tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products is termed as biomedical application of biomaterials.

The 3D technique is a tissue imitating technology which combines cells and their growth factors along with biomaterials. It is used in printing tissues, cells, organs, etc. it requires bio-ink to print the tissues, cells and organs structurally layer-layer. The methods of 3D bioprinting include Prebioprinting, Bioprinting and Post bioprinting. Organ printing is categorized as Drop-based Bioprinting and Extrusion bioprinting.

A Stem-Cell line is a group of undifferentiated stem cells which is cultured invitro and can be propagated indefinitely. While stem cells can propagate indefinitely in culture due to their inherent cellular properties, immortalized cells would not normally divide indefinitely but have gained this ability to sustain due to mutation. The Immortalized cell lines can be generated from cells by means of isolating cells from tumors or induce mutations to make the cells immortal. An immortalised cell line is a population of multicellular organism cells which has not proliferates indefinitely. Due to mutation, the cells evaded normal cellular senescence and instead undergoing continuous cell division. A key factor in reducing the production costs of biopharmaceuticals is the development of cell lines which in turn produce a high yield of product.

Genome editing with engineered nucleases (GEEN) is emergent type of Genetic Engineering. GEEN is the technology in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the genome. The emergence of highly versatile genome-editing technologies has provided investigators with the ability to rapidly and economically introduce sequence-specific modifications into the genomes of a broad spectrum of cell types and organisms. It also promotes various changes in sub cellular level. Genome Editing itself also holds tremendous potential for treating the underlying various idiopathic genetic causes of certain diseases. The core technologies now most commonly used techniques to facilitate genome editing are clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and homing endonucleases or mega nucleases.

Functionality of biomaterials for these forms is depends upon the chemical reaction such as localized or systemic response at the surface tethered moieties or encapsulated therapeutic factors such as drugs, genes, cells, growth factors, hormones and other active agents to specific target sites. The application of functional biomaterials is rehabilitation, reconstruction, regeneration, repair, ophthalmic applications and act as therapeutic solutions. It has the property of biocompatibility and produce inertness response to the tissue. The biomaterial-mediated gene therapy aim to use polymeric gene therapy systems to halt the progression of neuron loss through neuroprotective routes and it combine stem cell therapy and biomaterial delivery system in order to enhance regeneration or repair after ischemic injury.

Genetics in Health and Disease in which therapy utilizes genetics, imaging and biological indicators to understand predisposition to disease, what constitutes health during childhood and throughout the life course. Gene and Protein Function are used to develop tools, skills and resources to elucidate gene function and to inform development of new therapies using state-of the-art technologies. Personalised Medicine and Patient benefit is considered to ensure basic science discoveries of disease mechanisms and patient’s genomes are used to produce best effect to improve patients’ lives which include better diagnostics, identification of biomarkers and targeting of therapies.

The global market for cell and gene-based therapies is expected to surpass the $20 billion USD mark by 2025, with an annual growth rate of 21%. The main targets for cell – based therapies are high impact disease areas with significant incurable needs, including cancer, heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, musculoskeletal disorders and autoimmune diseases. Gene therapies should then not be rushed to market, but companies should gather the required data about the impact of therapy in human community with the appropriate duration of follow-up to allow proper evaluation by payers. In addition, it is key to think about potential reimbursement of the techniques and also the pricing strategies, including risk sharing, as soon as the early clinical development phase